why did ernest shackleton go to antarctica

[97] This was the first time they had stood on solid ground for 497days. Suffering from a heart condition, made worse by the fatigue of his arduous journeys, and too old to be conscripted, he nevertheless volunteered for the army. Did Shackleton eat his dogs? [77] Two ships would be employed; Endurance would carry the main party into the Weddell Sea, aiming for Vahsel Bay from where a team of six, led by Shackleton, would begin the crossing of the continent. [149] In Boston, a "Shackleton School" was set up on "Outward Bound" principles, with the motto "The Journey is Everything". Sir Ernest Shackleton, the intrepid explorer, is best remembered for embarking on a fateful voyage aboard the Endurance in a bid to cross the Antarctic. In 2002, in a BBC poll conducted to determine the "100 Greatest Britons", Shackleton was ranked 11th while Scott was down in 54th place. He proved, though,. Ernest Shackleton testified at the Titanic inquiry. In January 2013, a joint British-Australian team set out to duplicate Shackleton's 1916 trip across the Southern Ocean. [121] He was finally discharged from the army in October 1919, retaining his rank of major. [150], Shackleton's death marked the end of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, a period of discovery characterised by journeys of geographical and scientific exploration in a largely unknown continent without any of the benefits of modern travel methods or radio communication. The expedition's other main accomplishments included the first ascent of Mount Erebus, and the discovery of the approximate location of the South Magnetic Pole, reached on 16 January 1909, by Edgeworth David, Douglas Mawson and Alistair Mackay. He and his crew drifted on sheets of ice for months until they reached Elephant Island. See answer (1) Best Answer. An extended search for an anchorage at King Edward VII Land proved equally fruitless, so Shackleton was forced to break his undertaking to Scott and set sail for McMurdo Sound, a decision which, according to second officer Arthur Harbord, was "dictated by common sense" in view of the difficulties of ice pressure, coal shortage and the lack of any nearer known base. At 47 years old, Shackleton was on his fourth journey to Antarctica, and the third he had led. He was forced to make an 800-mile open boat journey, then cross the island of South Georgia, before the ship's crew could be rescued. Updates? Study now. ", Study of diaries kept by Eric Marshall, medical officer to the 190709 expedition, suggests that Shackleton suffered from an atrial septal defect ("hole in the heart"), a congenital heart defect, which may have been a cause of his health problems.[134]. All episodes. Where did Ernest Shackleton attend school? [14] Following the outbreak of the Boer War in 1899, Shackleton transferred to the troopship Tintagel Castle where, in March 1900, he met an army lieutenant, Cedric Longstaff, whose father Llewellyn W. Longstaff was the main financial backer of the National Antarctic Expedition then being organised in London. But on January 5, 1922, he died of a heart attack off South Georgia and was buried on the island. This expedition took place just as the First World War broke out, and ended whilst warfare was still raging in Europe. To this end, he made preparations for what became the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 19141917. He also assisted in the equipping of the Argentine Uruguay, which was being fitted out for the relief of the stranded Swedish Antarctic Expedition under Otto Nordenskjld. By early 1912, the world was aware that the pole had been conquered, by the Norwegian Roald Amundsen. He joined the merchant navy when he was 16 and worked on many different ships. Longstaff, impressed by Shackleton's keenness, recommended him to Sir Clements Markham, the expedition's overlord, making it clear that he wanted Shackleton accepted. Go on a trip C. Get an assistant 15 1.5 22.5 . 350,000), not through an outright gift. In August 1914 the British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (191416) left England under Shackletons leadership. On the Endurance, the second in command was the experienced explorer Frank Wild. [129], Macklin, who conducted the postmortem, concluded that the cause of death was atheroma of the coronary arteries exacerbated by "overstrain during a period of debility". Shackleton was born on 15 February 1874, in Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland. Leaving McNish, Vincent and McCarthy at the landing point on South Georgia, Shackleton travelled 32 miles (51km)[97] with Worsley and Crean over extremely dangerous mountainous terrain for 36hours to reach the whaling station at Stromness on 20 May. Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton attended Dulwich College from 1887 until 1890. When famed Antarctic explorer Ernest Shackleton and his crew boarded the Endurance for their fateful 1914-1916 Imperial Trans-Continental Expedition, they probably never imagined their ship's name to be quite so ominous. There also was Perce Blackborow who was a Welsh sailor that stowed away on the journey; although Shackleton was annoyed by this, there was no reason to turn back by the time the situation was discovered, and Blackborow was made a steward. He was planning to cross it. Led by explorer and environmental scientist Tim Jarvis, the team was assembled at the request of Alexandra Shackleton, Sir Ernest's granddaughter, who felt the trip would honour her grandfather's legacy. [90], Until this point, Shackleton had hoped that the ship, when released from the ice, could work her way back towards Vahsel Bay. In a Christie's auction in London in 2011, a biscuit that Shackleton gave "a starving fellow traveller" on the 19071909 Nimrod expedition sold for 1250. Scott's . Omissions? Beardmore was sufficiently impressed with Shackleton to offer financial support,[c][45] but other donations proved hard to come by. by Jessica Brain. Because he wanted to get from one side of the continent to the other. Later in the 20th century, Shackleton was "rediscovered",[4] and became a role model for leadership in extreme circumstances.[5]. Edgeworth David, reached the area of the south magnetic pole. After landing, Shackleton took part in an experimental balloon flight on 4 February. Disaster struck when his ship, the Endurance, was crushed by ice. Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton is best known as a polar explorer who was associated with four expeditions exploring Antarctica, particularly the Trans-Antarctic (Endurance) Expedition (1914-16) that he led, which, although unsuccessful, became famous as a tale of remarkable perseverance and survival. [50] In accordance with Shackleton's promise to Scott, the ship headed for the eastern sector of the Great Ice Barrier, arriving there on 21 January 1908. [159] This team became the first to replicate the so-called "double crossing", sailing from Elephant Island to South Georgia and crossing the South Georgian mountains from King Haakon Bay (where Shackleton had landed nearly 100 years prior) to Stromness. Ernest Shackleton and his second in command Frank Wild (left foreground) pose for a photo at Ocean Camp, after their ship, Endurance, was trapped in ice in February 1915. The harrowing tale of British explorer Ernest Shackleton's 1914 attempt to reach the South Pole, one of the greatest adventure stories of the modern age. (, This expedition took place under Mawson, without Shackleton's participation, as the, Filchner was able to bring back geographical information that would be of much use to Shackleton, including the discovery of a possible landing site at, Churchill sent Shackleton a one-word telegram on 3 August, Officer of the Order of the British Empire, List of personnel of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, "Endurance: Shackleton's lost ship is found in Antarctic", "At the Bottom of an Icy Sea, One of History's Great Wrecks Is Found", "Ernest Shackleton's ship Endurance, which sank in 1915 near Antarctica, has been found", Sir Ernest Shackleton: Funeral Ceremony In South Georgia: Many Wreaths On Coffin, Shackleton's Last Voyage: the Story of the Quest, "Polar explorer Ernest Shackleton may have had hole in his heart, doctors say", "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)", "Shackleton, Sir Ernest Henry of 14 Milnethorpe-road, Eastbourne, knight", "Reliving Shackleton's Epic Endurance Expedition", "Ernest Shackleton Honoured with Birthday Google Doodle", "Team sets out to recreate Shackleton's epic journey", "Sir Ernest Shackleton medals raise 585,000 at auction", "Elation for Adelaide adventurer Tim Jarvis as epic Antarctic trek ends", "Polar Explorer vs. [101] Ship's carpenter Harry McNish made various improvements, including raising the sides, strengthening the keel, building a makeshift deck of wood and canvas, and sealing the work with oil paint and seal blood.[101]. There remained the men of the Ross Sea Party, who were stranded at Cape Evans in McMurdo Sound, after Aurora had been blown from its anchorage and driven out to sea, unable to return. [83] He ultimately selected a crew of 56, twenty-eight on each ship. An Anglo-Irish adventurer, he became a pivotal figure in the era later characterised as the "Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration", thanks to the laudable and ambitious . The crew escaped by camping on the sea ice until it disintegrated, then by launching the lifeboats to reach Elephant Island and ultimately South Georgia Island, a stormy ocean voyage of 720 nautical miles (1,330km; 830mi) and Shackleton's most famous exploit. What is Ernest Shackleton best known for? He then sought to cash in on his celebrity by making a fortune in the business world. [151], In 1993 Trevor Potts re-enacted the Boat Journey from Elephant Island to South Georgia in honour of Sir Ernest Shackleton, totally unsupported, in a replica of the James Caird. [124] With funds supplied by former schoolfriend John Quiller Rowett, he acquired a 125-ton Norwegian sealer, named Foca I, which he renamed Quest. Scott led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery Expedition, 1901-04, and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition, 1910-13. . Ernest Shackleton, however, would not have been surprised: he edited his 1914-17 journal into the book, South!, which was published three years after he had returned from Antarctica. [13], In 1898, Shackleton joined Union-Castle Line, the regular mail and passenger carrier between Southampton and Cape Town. A second ship was sent to pick him up when he reached the other side, both with a crew of 28 officers, scientist, and sailors. Shackleton's mind turned to a project that had been announced, and then abandoned, by the British explorer William Speirs Bruce, for a continental crossing, from a landing in the Weddell Sea, via the South Pole to McMurdo Sound. But it's also a terrific story . His handling of the ships under his command combined with his understanding of Antarctic conditions was crucial to the safety of the expeditions he undertook with Ernest Shackleton and Douglas Mawson. He still harboured thoughts of returning south, even though in September 1910, having recently moved with his family to Sheringham in Norfolk, he wrote to Emily: "I am never again going South and I have thought it all out and my place is at home now". What did John King Davis do? Born on February 15, 1874 - Sir Ernest Shackleton was an Anglo-Irish explorer who led a total of three voyages to Antarctica. A revival of the vintageand since lostformula for the particular brands found has been offered for sale with a portion of the proceeds to benefit the New Zealand Antarctic Heritage Trust which discovered the lost spirits. Shackleton chose five companions for the journey: Frank Worsley, Endurance's captain, who would be responsible for navigation; Tom Crean, who had "begged to go"; two strong sailors in John Vincent and Timothy McCarthy, and finally the carpenter McNish. [35], Years after the death of Scott, Wilson and Shackleton, Albert Armitage, the expedition's second-in-command, claimed that there had been a falling-out on the southern journey, and that Scott had told the ship's doctor that "if he does not go back sick he will go back in disgrace. He launched one more expedition to the Antarctic, but the Endurance veterans who rejoined him noticed he appeared. Shackleton's will was proven in London on 12 May 1922. Shackleton served in the British army during World War I and served as a military advisor in the multinational North Russia Expeditionary Force during the Russian Civil War. [143] Within a few years, he was thoroughly overtaken in public esteem by Shackleton, whose popularity surged while that of his erstwhile rival declined. After a period of rest and recuperation, rather than risk putting to sea again to reach the whaling stations on the northern coast, Shackleton decided to attempt a land crossing of the island. Why did Ernest shackleton go to antarctica? Under treacherous conditions, Shackleton's perilous journey and the subsequent rescue of all his men remains one of the most heroic stories of all time. [64][67] Shackleton was also appointed a Younger Brother of Trinity House, a significant honour for British mariners. The wreck of Endurance was discovered just over a century later. Victoria Land plateau was claimed for the British crown, and the expedition was responsible for the first ascent of Mount Erebus. He thought seriously of going to the Beaufort Sea area of the Arctic, a largely unexplored region, and raised some interest in this idea from the Canadian government. His father, Henry Shackleton, tried to enter the British Army, but his poor health prevented him from doing so. At one point, Shackleton gave his one biscuit allotted for the day to the ailing Frank Wild, who wrote in his diary: "All the money that was ever minted would not have bought that biscuit and the remembrance of that sacrifice will never leave me". Shackleton was then briefly involved in a mission to Spitzbergen to establish a British presence there under guise of a mining operation. Ernest Henry Shackleton British Antarctic Expedition (1907-09) When Ernest Shackleton arrived back in England on 12 June 1903, he found that Scott's 1901-04 expedition, from which had been virtually sacked, was a controversial subject. His first three attempts were foiled by sea ice, which blocked the approaches to the island. In his search for rapid pathways to wealth and security, he launched business ventures which failed to prosper, and he died heavily in debt. Shackleton began planning his next journey to Antarctica almost as soon as he returned from the Nimrod expedition of 1907 - 1909. Why did Earnest Shackleton go to Antarctica? They sailed from London on Friday, August 1, 1914, and anchored off Southend all Saturday. "Chiefly alcohol, Boss", replied Macklin. In the period immediately after his return, Shackleton engaged in a strenuous schedule of public appearances, lectures and social engagements. In the early hours of the next morning, Shackleton summoned the expedition's physician, Alexander Macklin,[129] to his cabin, complaining of back pains and other discomfort. Ernest Shackleton took Spratt's on his Nimrod (1907-1909) and Endurance (1914-1917) expeditions, where they were part of a doggy diet that also included seal meat, blubber, biscuits and pemmican, a high-energy mix of fat and protein. He became a farmer instead, settling in Kilkea. Mackintosh, sailed in the Aurora and laid depots as far as latitude 8330 S for the use of the Trans-Antarctic party; three of this party died on the return journey. Another noted British explorer, Sir Ernest Shackleton, never reached the South Pole. Shackleton immediately sent a boat to pick up the three men from the other side of South Georgia while he set to work to organise the rescue of the Elephant Island men. In October 2015, Shackleton's decorations and medals were auctioned; the sale raised 585,000. [113][114] In October 1917, he was sent to Buenos Aires to boost British propaganda in South America. In 1915, the Endurance was. Shackleton was not deterred by his failed attempt with Endurance. He was a key figure of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. [15], Shackleton used his acquaintance with the son to obtain an interview with Longstaff senior, with a view to obtaining a place on the expedition. [12], During the following four years at sea, Shackleton learned his trade, visiting the far corners of the earth and forming acquaintances with a variety of people from many walks of life, learning to be at home with all kinds of men. Why is Shackleton famous? [165] In August 2016 a statue of Shackleton by Mark Richards was erected in Athy, sponsored by Kildare County Council. 77510). He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Endurance was the three-masted barquentine in which Sir Ernest Shackleton and a crew of 27 men sailed for the Antarctic on the 1914-1917 Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition.The ship, originally named Polaris, was built at Framns shipyard and launched in 1912 from Sandefjord in Norway.After her commissioners could no longer pay the shipyard, the ship was bought by Shackleton in January 1914 . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [158] On 9 January 1909, Shackleton and three companionsWild, Eric Marshall and Jameson Adamsreached a new Farthest South latitude of 8823'S, a point only 112 miles (180km) from the Pole. Other crew included James, Hussey, Greenstreet, a carpenter Harry McNish, and a biologist named Clark. Shackleton abandoned one cherished goal and shouldered . Partly this was in search of better professional prospects for the newly qualified doctor, but another factor may have been unease about their Anglo-Irish ancestry, following the assassination by Irish nationalists of Lord Frederick Cavendish, the British Chief Secretary for Ireland, in 1882. Answer and Explanation: Yes, on his third Antarctic expedition, Ernest Shackleton and his men were forced to Endurance Is Locked in by Ice The goal of expedition leader Shackleton, who had twice fallen shortonce agonizingly soof reaching the South Pole, was to establish a base on Antarctica's Weddell Sea coast. When did Neil Scott first go to Antarctica? Broadcast in the US on the A&E Network, it won two Emmy Awards. [21] Shackleton's particular duties were listed as: "In charge of seawater analysis. Born in Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland, Shackleton and his Anglo-Irish family[1] moved to Sydenham in suburban south London when he was ten. The founder of the family was Abraham Shackleton, a Quaker, who moved to Ireland early in the eighteenth century and started a school at Ballitore, near Dublin. (, Beardmore's help took the form of guaranteeing a loan at Clydesdale Bank, for 7,000 (2008 equivalent approx. Shackleton's fellow-explorers expressed their admiration; Roald Amundsen wrote, in a letter to RGS Secretary John Scott Keltie, that "the English nation has by this deed of Shackleton's won a victory that can never be surpassed". [69] Fridtjof Nansen sent an effusive private letter to Emily Shackleton, praising the "unique expedition which has been such a complete success in every respect". Earnest Shackleton first went to. [29] A record Farthest South latitude of 8217' was reached, beating the previous record established in 1900 by Carsten Borchgrevink. The return of the sun after 92 days. [31] All 22 dogs died during the march. Details. [126] When the party arrived in Rio de Janeiro, Shackleton suffered a suspected heart attack. [152] In 2002, Channel 4 in the UK produced Shackleton, a TV serial depicting the 1914 expedition with Kenneth Branagh in the title role. [96], After five harrowing days at sea, the exhausted men landed their three lifeboats at Elephant Island, 346 miles (557km) from where the Endurance sank. During the Nimrod expedition of 1907-09, Shackleton experienced similarly incapacitating symptoms on the voyage to Antarcticaeven though fresh meat, an important source of thiamine, was a key . [91] On 21 November 1915, the wreck finally slipped beneath the surface. [92], For almost two months, Shackleton and his party camped on a large, flat floe, hoping that it would drift towards Paulet Island, approximately 250 miles (402km) away, where it was known that stores were cached. [101] The strongest of the tiny 20-foot (6.1m) lifeboats, christened James Caird after the expedition's chief sponsor, was chosen for the trip. This was the first of a number of books about Shackleton that began to appear, showing him in a highly positive light. Unqualified as a diplomat, he was unsuccessful in persuading Argentina and Chile to enter the war on the Allied side. He felt certain that others would soon succeed in reaching the South Pole where he had failed having come so close, and so looked to the next goal. [164], In January 2016, Shackleton featured on a series of UK postage stamps issued by the Royal Mail on the centenary of the Endurance expedition. In 1901, Shackleton was chosen to go on the Antarctic expedition led by British naval officer Robert Falcon Scott - Britain's other Antarctic hero - on the ship Discovery. In 1901 he got a place on Captain Robert Falcon Scott 's first Antarctic expedition. The story that would unfold was to be beyond any expectations and completely different to that planned. Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton CVO OBE FRGS FRSGS (15 February 1874 - 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic.He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.. Born in Kilkea, County Kildare, Ireland, Shackleton and his Anglo-Irish family moved to Sydenham in suburban south London . There was a (male) cat named Mrs Chippy that belonged to the carpenter Harry McNish. It is likely that many debts were not pressed and were written off. [12] His father was able to secure him a berth with the North Western Shipping Company, aboard the square-rigged sailing ship Hoghton Tower. Born on February 15, 1874 - Sir Ernest Shackleton was an Anglo-Irish explorer who led a total of three voyages to Antarctica. [117] From October 1918, he served with the North Russia Expeditionary Force in the Russian Civil War under the command of Major-General Edmund Ironside, with the role of advising on the equipment and training of British forces in arctic conditions. Ward-room caterer. They later learned that the same hurricane had sunk a 500-ton steamer bound for South Georgia from Buenos Aires. Meanwhile, a second ship, the Aurora, would take a supporting party under Captain Aeneas Mackintosh to McMurdo Sound on the opposite side of the continent. After the race to the South Pole ended in December 1911, with Roald Amundsen's conquest, Shackleton turned his attention to the crossing of Antarctica from sea to sea, via the pole. [94] By 17 March, their ice camp was within 60 miles (97km) of Paulet Island;[95] however, separated by impassable ice, they were unable to reach it. In tribute to their achievement, he wrote: "I do not know how they did it, except that they had tothree men of the heroic age of Antarctic exploration with 50feet of rope between themand a carpenter's adze".[108]. In 1914, Ernest Shackleton was determined to walk across Antarctica. [46] Before leaving England, he had been pressured to give an undertaking to Scott that he would not base himself in the McMurdo area, which Scott was claiming as his own field of work. Shackletons leadership 13 ], in 1898, Shackleton engaged in a highly positive light broadcast in the period as..., replied Macklin story that would unfold was to be beyond any expectations and completely different to planned... Anglo-Irish explorer who led a total of three voyages to Antarctica, the! 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