[8] Zanzibar's commerce fell increasingly into the hands of traders from the Indian subcontinent, whom Said encouraged to settle on the island. Name the families to whom the duty was delegated the cities of which they were in charge of. Only a few scholars have taken the time to explore the shared past of Oman, an introspective Middle Eastern sultanate, and Zanzibar, a picturesque East African island. From the 1820s caravans from Zanzibar reversed the immemorial system of trade by which African products had been brought to the coast by African caravans. When Sultan Sa'id bin Sultan Al-Busaid died in 1856, his sons quarreled over the succession. Sad ibn Suln, in full Sad ibn Suln ibn Amad ibn Sad l B Sad, also called Sad Imm or Sad Sayyid, (born 1791, Omandied Oct. 19, 1856, at sea), ruler of Muscat and Oman and of Zanzibar (1806-56), who made Zanzibar the principal power in East Africa and the commercial capital of the western Indian Ocean. In antiquity, Ancient Egypt and Babylonia made some of humanitys longest-lasting advances, and the Sasanian Empire in Persia rivaled its Roman and Byzantine counterparts. Answers (1). 2 Sayyid Sir Barghash bin Said Al-Busaid 7 October 1870 26 March 1888 Responsible for developing much of the infrastructure in Zanzibar (especially Stone Town), like piped water, telegraph cables, buildings, roads, etc. Many Arabs relocated to the island, introducing Zanzibar to Ibadism, the obscure strand of Islam to which a majority of Omanis subscribe. This is the southern route out of Africa. Zanzibar's central position also favoured development of long distance trade. The insurgents were defeated in 1959 with British help. It was East Africa's main slave-trading port, and in the 19th century as many as 50,000 slaves were passing through the slave markets of Zanzibar each year. Strict in his habits, lavish in his generosity, he was an affectionate father, taking great pleasure in elaborate family gatherings. Now the Zanzibar caravans, Sads among them at latest by 1839, actively sought ivory, slaves, and other products, and a wholly new commercial system was created reaching beyond Lake Tanganyika and into modern Uganda. [20]:762[27] In this way, Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963. Oman has concerns with regional stability and security, given tensions in the region, the proximity of Iran and Iraq, and the potential threat of political Islam. [9][10] During his 14-year reign as Sultan, Majid consolidated his power around the local slave trade. [20]:762, On 10 December 1963, the Protectorate that had existed over Zanzibar since 1890 was terminated by the United Kingdom. He was exiled to Bombay for two years. They are most famed for their revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate. In a violent 1964 uprising known as the Zanzibar Revolution, the islands non-Arab majority revolted. These nationalized operations may have provided the foundation for the newly-created Peoples Bank of Zanzibar. He established a ruling Arab elite and encouraged the development of clove plantations, using the island's slave labour. In 1832[6] or 1840,[7] Omani ruler Said bin Sultan moved his court from Muscat to Stone Town on the island of Unguja (that is, Zanzibar Island). In 1822 Sad sent an expedition that drove them from Pemba Island. This resulted in a native uprising, the Abushiri revolt, which was suppressed by the Kaiserliche Marine and heralded the end of Zanzibar's influence on the mainland. In 1897 Lord Delamere, the pioneer of white settlement, arrived in the Kenya highlands, which was then part of the Protectorate. England fought mostly with Portugal, whereas France fought mostly with Spain. The Majlis Al-Shura may request ministers to appear before it. That year, however, the Society for German Colonization forced local chiefs on the mainland to agree to German protection, prompting Sultan Bargash bin Said to protest. The Middle East has hosted many of the worlds most storied cultures and empires. <>
This is a peaceful and tolerant Islamic sect that advocated the return of Islam to its original state, with emphasis on good Although Europeans frequently called him imam and sultan, Sad himself used the style sayyid. Their greatest allies were the Mijikenda who promised. 87, p.968. [15], However, the company began to fail, and on 1 July 1895 the British government proclaimed a protectorate, the East Africa Protectorate, the administration being transferred to the Foreign Office. Over the next few years, all of the mainland possessions of Zanzibar came to be administered by European imperial powers, beginning in 1888 when the Imperial British East Africa Company took over administration of Mombasa.[15]. were a Shi'a Ismaili group centered in eastern Arabia, where they attempted to established a utopian republic in 899 A.D. Zanzibar also attracted business from India and Persia, with its status as one of the Indian Oceans most important trading posts serving as the basis of foreign designs on the island. Outline reasons why Northern Kenya is experiencing food scarcity today. These empires brought order to the religious and ethnic diversity of the population of this cosmopolitan region. In order to consolidate his power, his transferred his capital to Zanzibar in 1846. One distinguishing feature of Ibadism is the choice of ruler by communal consensus and consent. Characteristic Maya Aztec Both Developed an economy based partly on trade Developed a society. 602 703 448Poniedziaek- pitek od 16:00 - 19:00Sobota - niedziela 08:00 - 19:00. A painting of Omani Sultan Said bin Sultan shown at the House of Wonders. Today, the peoples of Oman and Zanzibar can engage as equals, building on their centuries of commercial, educational, religious, and even familial links. In April 1964, the existence of this socialist republic was ended with its union with Tanganyika to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which became known as Tanzania six months later. He obtained direct military support from the UK, Iran, and Jordan. When he refused, British warships fired on the palace and other strategic locations in the city, destroying them and causing Khalid and his group to flee. The Canning Award split Zanzibar from Oman, but the Arab descendants of Omani royalty continued to govern the island for decades. The Sultanate's territories varied over time, and at their greatest extent spanned all of present-day Kenya [citation needed] and the Zanzibar . help me with the iHuman case study of Caroline Casey 25 y/o 5' 6" (168 cm) 140.0 lb (63.6 kg) Reason for encounter 25-year old who desires contraception, patient is a 25-year old woman presenting with symptoms of dysuria and vaginal discharge. Turki ibn Said succeeded in defeating the forces of Imam Azzam, who was killed in battle outside Matrah in January 1871. He told a captain of the Royal Navy that to put down the slave trade with the Muslims, that is a stone too heavy for me to lift without some strong hand to help me. By a treaty of collaboration with Britain concluded in 1822, he agreed to forbid his subjects to sell slaves to the subjects of Christian powers. [5] The Sultanate's territories varied over time, and at their greatest extent spanned all of present-day Kenya[citation needed] and the Zanzibar Archipelago off the Swahili Coast. Faisal bin Turki 4 June 1888 9 October 1913 British protectorate imposed on 20 March 1891 Apart from threats within the ruling family, there was the omnipresent challenge from the independent tribes of the interior who rejected the authority of the sultan, recognizing the imam as the sole legitimate leader and pressing, by resort to arms, for the restoration of the imamate. The Portuguese were expelled and a lucrative trade in slaves and ivory thrived, along with an expanding plantation economy centring on cloves. Identify political factors which causes conflict in Kenya. 10 Sayyid Sir Abdullah bin Khalifa Al-Said 9 October 1960 1 July 1963. (12) 282 19 73 wew. Rev. Despite Zanzibar's historical ties to the Middle East, Omani rule had a particular effect on the territory. Upon the Protectorate being abolished, Zanzibar became a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth under the Sultan. The Majlis Al-Shura (Consultative Council) has the mandate of reviewing legislation pertaining to economic development and social services prior to its becoming law. Give any five sources of information on the contacts between east Africa and the outside world up to the nineteenth century, State and explain the effects of the migration and settlement of the people of Kenya up to the nineteenth century, Briefly explain any three factors for migration of ethic communities in Kenya under each of the following of the following categories: Economic Social Political Environmental. 2343, S.R.O. Muscat and Oman was the object of Franco-British rivalry throughout the 18th century. In November 1886, a German-British border commission established the Zanj as a ten-nautical mile (19 km) wide strip along most of the coast of East Africa, stretching from Cape Delgado (now in Mozambique) to Kipini (now in Kenya), including Mombasa and Dar es Salaam, all offshore islands, and several towns in what is now Somalia. The Sultanate of Zanzibar (Swahili: Usultani wa Zanzibar, Arabic: , romanized: Sulanat Zanjbr), also known as the Zanzibar Sultanate, was a state controlled by the Sultan of Zanzibar, in place between 1856 and 1964. In the 6th century, Arabs succeeded in repelling encroachments of these ethnic groups; the conversion of Arab tribes to Islam in the 7th century resulted in the displacement of the settlers from Iran. 3 0 obj
The Arabs established garrisons at Zanzibar, Pemba, and Kilwa. A majority of his subjects were Sunnite Muslims, and for them he appointed a special judge. Lord Delamere now commenced extensive farming operations, and in 1905, when a large number of immigrants arrived from Britain and South Africa, the Protectorate was transferred from the authority of the Foreign Office to that of the Colonial Office. Aided by Communist and leftist governments such as the former South Yemen (People's Democratic Republic of Yemen), the rebels formed the Dhofar Liberation Front, which later merged with the Marxist-dominated Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Arab Gulf (PFLOAG). VIII, 258, State Pp., Vol. Rev. [20]:761 After the First World War, more immigrants arrived from Britain and South Africa, and by 1919 the European population was estimated at 9,000 strong. In the end, Oman and Zanzibar followed divergent geopolitical paths. Born in 1791, Sad succeeded his father jointly with his brother Salm in 1804, but their cousin Badr immediately usurped the throne. Give the reasons that the Oman ruler had for choosing Zanzibar . In 1154, the indigenous Nabhani dynasty took control of Oman, and the Nabhani kings ruled Oman until 1470, with an interruption of 37 years between 1406 and 1443. Oman rule was established along the east African coast in 1698 after the Portuguese were driven out but it was not until later in the 19th century that the rule Oman rule was first made very effective under the leadership of Seyyid Said. The conflict flared up again in 1954, when the new imam led a sporadic 5-year rebellion against the sultan's efforts to extend government control into the interior. Since his accession in 1970, Sultan Qaboos has balanced tribal, regional, and ethnic interests in composing the national administration. The new sultan confronted insurgency in a country plagued by endemic disease, illiteracy, and poverty. The Sultanate of Zanzibar (Swahili: Usultani wa Zanzibar, Arabic: , romanized:Sulanat Zanjbr), also known as the Zanzibar Sultanate,[2] was a state controlled by the Sultan of Zanzibar, in place between 1856 and 1964. By 1719 dynastic succession led to the nomination of Saif ibn Sultan II. All were deported and some were killed. By the end of the 17th century, Zanzibar had become an integral component of the Omani Empire. endobj
The coastal towns led by Mombasa resisted Omans conquest due to the following reasons. Schisms within the ruling family were apparent before Ahmad ibn Said's death in 1783 and were later manifest with the division of the family into two main lines, the Sultan ibn Ahmad Al Said (r. 17921806) line controlling the maritime state, with nominal control over the entire country; and the Qais branch, with authority over the Al Batinah and Ar Rustaq areas. This influential control was most likely exerted from a coastal center such as Sohar. But Oman was nonetheless conquered by several foreign powers, having been controlled by the Qarmatians between 931932 and then again between 933934. [getrecentmag static_heading=falsecat_name=false author_name=false author_image=false mag_title=false], Designed by Arabesque Media | Copyrights Inside Arabia 2019. [11] The third Sultan, Khalifa bin Said, also furthered the country's progress toward abolishing slavery. d) The harsh and ruthless rule and manner in which the Oman rulers collected taxes. The Mazrui, established themselves as independent rulers of Mombasa and ordered towns like pate, Pemba, and Malindi to pay allegiance to them. The Arabs established garrisons at Zanzibar, Pemba, and Kilwa. 4 0 obj
[30] Jamshid fled into exile, and the Sultanate was replaced by the People's Republic of Zanzibar. <>>>
[29] Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah was overthrown a month later during the Zanzibar Revolution. Qaboos bin Said - present sultan. By early 1975, the guerrillas were confined to a 50-square-kilometer (20-square-mile) area near the Yemeni border and shortly thereafter were defeated. The leader of the revolt, Ahmad ibn Said al Said, was elected sultan of Muscat upon the expulsion of the Iranians. A month later, Zanzibars President, Hussein Ali Mwinyi, agreed to launch a museum at a former Omani palace in Stone Town to celebrate Oman and Zanzibars mutual cultural heritage. Rev. With the signing of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty between the United Kingdom and the German Empire in 1890, Zanzibar itself became a British protectorate. During the late 19th century and early 20th century, the sultan in Muscat faced rebellion by members of the Ibadi sect residing in the interior of Oman, centered around the town of Nizwa, who wanted to be ruled exclusively by their religious leader, the Imam of Oman. If her Omani relatives excitement at her ascent to power serves as any indicator, Oman and Zanzibars ancient cultural connection will thrive for many centuries to come. [20]:761[21] Also, in 1902, the East Africa Syndicate received a grant of 1,300km2 (500sqmi) to promote white settlement in the Highlands. But when the British declared slavery . Date posted: April 25, 2019. Nonetheless, culture, history, and religion continue to bind the two. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Said-ibn-Sultan, Greville Stewart Parker Freeman-Grenville. The Sultan of Zanzibar controlled a substantial portion of the east African coast, known as Zanj, and trading routes extending much further across the continent, as far as Kindu on the Congo River. Provenance: Antique wood engraved print taken from the Illustrated London News. Check all that apply. His pilgrimage to Mecca in 1824 demonstrated that he had overcome both internal and external enemies and could risk absence from his own land. Salim II bin Thuwaini 11 February 1866 3 October 1868 Killed Under Sultan Qaboos bin Said, who reigned from 1970 to 2020, the country pursued an independent foreign policy that emphasized non-interventionism. In mid-1974, the Bahrain branch of the PFLOAG was established as a separate organisation and the Omani branch changed its name to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), while continuing the Dhofar Rebellion. Born in 1791, Sad succeeded his father . However initially the imam, Name any three Portuguese individuals who led expeditions to capture the East Coast of Africa, Highlight the negative effects of the Portuguese rule over the 200 years during which they administrated over the East African coast, Briefly explain any six positive impacts of the 200 years Portuguese rule on the East African Coast, Highlight the functions of the captains during Portuguese rule in East African Coast, Outline reasons why Northern Kenya is experiencing food scarcity today, Outline methods used by Kenyan nationalists to fight for independence, State functions of the speaker of the county assembly in Kenya, Identify political factors which causes conflict in Kenya, State and explain the reasons for the coming of the Portuguese to the Coast of East Africa, State and explain the factors that led to the development of trade along the East African Coast. 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